Critically Evaluate the Case for and Against Global Governance Essays

Fundamentally Evaluate the Case for and Against Global Governance Essays Fundamentally Evaluate the Case for and Against Global Governance Essay Fundamentally Evaluate the Case for and Against Global Governance Essay 1. 0Introduction: Mulley ( 2008 ) characterizes planetary organization as government-like exercises in the universal framework . In the course of the last eight decennaries. it has been conceivable to observe the developing and advancement of the various foundations and organizations that form present day planetary organization. From the imaginative movement of the United Nations to the constitution of the European Union. planetary organization has affected political relations and on our commonplace lives. The expectation of this article is to break down the various features of planetary organization and exertion to basically gauge explanations for and against its being. Accordingly. this exposition starts with the occurrence against planetary organization by oppugning the capacity of planetary foundations reliably focusing on a portion of the significant disappointments of the global framework. for example, the overseeing of the universe monetary emergency of 2008. It so proceeds onward to quantify whether the current global network can stand up to difficulties, for example, development of planetary disparity and planetary warming ( Jayadev. 2010 ) . Therefore. the accomplishments of the various natural structures of planetary organization, for example, the United Nations Social and Economic chamber and its Millennium advancement closes and the advantages of the Single European market will be examined. Besides. the article will investigate some current propensities. for example, the planetary warming comprehension arrived at late in Cancun Mexico. which provide reason for mindful hopefulness ( Mulley. 2008 ) . At last. this article develops a fair investigation of the positive and negative proclamations on planetary organization and will at long last measure whether the announcements proposed arrive at a cognizant and conceivable choice 2. 0 Arguments against: After outlining the development of this paper. this paper will get somewhere near estimating the announcements against planetary organization. First. it will break down the legitimate proclamation of the organization dilemma. Boyer et Al. ( 2007 ) portrays the organization problem as the expanding request of an ever increasing number of states for worldwide organizations to go to employments on a planetary scale†¦ . however when these foundations sabotage territory power the states become less and less ready to back up them . This position suitably speaks to the develop of the organization predicament in light of the fact that as Boyer et Al ( 2007 ) later expresses The proper capacity of planetary foundations in issues that cross territory sway is an undertaking of prominent and debate . To back up this announcement it is important to think back on the conduct of old fashioned U. S President George Bush during the fundamental to the war in Iraq. At first. he expressed that Although I would wish the United Nations Security Council to endorse military intervention in Iraq. I do non experience it is fundamental ( Boyer et al. 2007 ) . In any case. he inferred that the U. S will move one-sidedly. I am sure the American individuals will comprehend that with regards to our security on the off chance that we have to move we will move. We really do non require the United Nations’ gift to make it . ( Boyer et al 2007 ) . Obviously planetary organization can non work without the help of the states and of their people groups and that at a similar clasp a turning figure of the strategy challenges standing up to areas in the current planetary framework are worldwide in character and along these lines request diserse answers for useful goals ( Mearshimer. 1995 ) . State regions need to happen an equalization in the commonality among national and supranational in any case planetary organization will remain uneffective. As author David Held ( 2006 ) proposes: The Catch 22 of our occasions alludes to the way that the corporate issues we should adapt to are of turning cross-outskirt extensity and quality however the organizations for turn toing these are state-based. frail and uncomplete. Second. the exposition will glance back at the occasions of the universe monetary emergency of 2008 and why planetary organization has neglected to cover with it in an adequate way. Policy concocting in the wake of the financial emergency was broadly based rather than spread with at a worldwide degree. In add-on it could be contended that non just reactions to help states unfit to cover with the emergency were feeble and cautious however close to that global foundations themselves were a significant supporter of the emergency by providing thin arrangement exhortation ( Jayadev. 2010 ) . The Commission of Experts set up by the President of the United Nations concurred with the last point in part 4 of their investigation: The reaction of global monetary foundations to the planetary financial emergency has shown the earnestness to reconsider the ampleness of their commands ( Jayadev. 2010 ) . Worldwide organizations did non recognize the coming up short of the planetary financial framework however they other than advanced approaches that kept national governments from shielding their residents from monetary unsteadiness. It tends to be contended that from the purpose of position of less fortunate states the aftereffect of the monetary emergency is only a thought of the go oning disappointment of planetary organization. Truth be told the UN assessed that up to a 103 million additional individuals would fall into need on account of the emergency and more awful of all the IMF evaluated that the expense to African monetary frameworks from the emergency was around $ 250 billion ( Jayadev. 2010 ) . This announcement one time again proposes the activity that the individuals from current planetary foundations keep on trusting on the Westphalia premise that the state is the 1 that demonstrations and settles on choices ( Jayadev 2010 ) . Besides. the paper moves onto the more fragile subject of the disappointment of most global organizations in strongly choosing planetary and non planetary battle. The ground surface case of Rwanda is likely one of the most clear representations of good insufficiency of advanced planetary administration ( Murphy. 2000 ) . From April to July 1994 between 500. 000 and 800. 000 individuals including ? of the Tutsi populace were butchered. The occasions occurred in spite of a generally authorized UN Genocide Convention and sufficient admonition gave to the UN secretariat and the Security Council by its ain officials in the field ( Murphy. 2000 ) . The impacts of the race murder were emotional. Essayist Peter Uvin ( 1998 ) composes: The Tutsi military specialists held onto capacity to stop the race murder and in like manner proceeded onward to trip a course of wars across cardinal Africa . The entire International people group was accused and put to disrespect. By examining the grounds why the global network was set up. the greater part of import one being to keep away from global battle. it could be contended that the inability to viably step in a battle is the greatest and the vast majority of import disappointment of planetary organization. At last. the writing thinking the occurrence against planetary organization raises another imperfection of current global organizations. all the more explicitly referencing to the interest of a change in the UN development. It is conceivable to recognize that at the moment the United Nations Security Council for the most part mirrors the situation of 1945. China. France. Russia. Joined Kingdom and the United States of America have been the enduring individuals for decennaries. The last decennary got significant adjustments the planetary political financial framework ; there has been a more noteworthy monetary final result from states, for example, India and Brazil but then Belgium despite everything holds a bigger number of shares than Brazil. 2. 12 % against 1. 41 % . at the International Monetary Fund ( Jayadev. 2010 ) . The monetary and political scene is obviously changing thus should the varying natural structures that make up planetary organization.

Human Resources Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HR Development - Essay Example yoffs as guides to the survivors with the goal that the survivors realize that if their exhibition isn't sufficient, they can be laid off like others too. Also, the board can build up remunerations and bind them with accomplishment of explicit objectives with respect to the survivors. This would make a two-way approach wherein, the survivors would expand their dedication and profitability not exclusively to stay utilized and not become one of the cutbacks yet in addition to get the prizes that have been set up by the administration. Notwithstanding these means, close checking and oversight of the survivors is additionally important to guarantee that they are utilizing the authoritative assets, however the board may consider demonstrating adaptability regarding time plan; causing the representatives to sit in the workplace doesn't really imply that they work all day. Efficiency is ideal when representatives are given some unwinding as far as time of appearance and takeoff from the

Critical Thinking Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Basic Thinking Discussion Questions - Essay Example At that point the choice made is clear and comprehended. This isn't correct when dynamic incorporates individuals of varying foundations, encounters, and morals. The manner in which the United States handles injured on the war zone gives a moral problem to a few. The United States treats all injured from the war zone paying little mind to what military unit, radicals gathering, or nation they originate from. These injured are ordered not by what their identity is yet by how injured they are and are arranged for care (for medical procedure for instance) in light of the reality of their injury and their ideal possibilities for endurance. Different nations or people groups are frequently frustrated by thistheir convictions are to treat your own and leave the adversary to bite the dust so they don't live to battle one more day. 2. When are collective choices better than singular choices When are they worse Provide instances of viable individual and successful cooperative choices and clarify why the strategy (singular versus bunch functioned admirably in the circumstance). Once in a while cooperative choices are better than singular choices in light of the fact that every individual in the gathering carries their point of view to the table for thought. In the American legal framework you can pick between judge or jury to hear and choose your case. On the off chance that you pick the appointed authority your chances are 50-50.

Challenges And Opportunities For Managers Operating - 1650 Words

International Challenges And Opportunities For Managers Operating (Essay Sample) Content: Global ManagementNameInstitutionGlobal ManagementIntroductionPredominantly, global management refers to the process of applying management techniques and concepts in a multinational environment and adapting management practices to different economic, cultural, and political environments. This process involves the incorporation of knowledge on social practices, history, culture, and business to enable companies to identify opportunities in international communities and allow them to work successfully in foreign cultures (Park, 2010). That said it is simply the practice of applying controlling and directing techniques and concepts in international organizations. Ideally, global management is assessed from the different functions of an organization namely human resources, marketing, finance, legal issues, and research and development among others. As follows, the term global management is applicable to firms that have personnel ranging over managers, executives, and tech nicians situated overseas and are knowledgeable on business operations in foreign territories. As such, the concept of global management is particularly imperative for firms that intended on establishing new customer bases in foreign nations as different countries host different beliefs and cultures, which will ultimately affect ways in which the companies conduct their operations. Further, the placement of an employee in a foreign state is accompanied with compliance to the foreign nations labor laws since countries with high levels of unemployment discourage employment of foreigners (Kawar, 2012). Secondly, the concept enlightens managers on ways of procuring right business permits to operate in foreign land and ensuring that products and services comply with the laws of the said state. Lastly, international managers are enlightened on the concept of culture and ways in which it impacts management of global companies. That said the present paper will examine opportunities and chal lenges faced by international managers.Opportunities for Managers GloballyFor global managers, conducting business operations in a global market offers numerous opportunities to the company and manager alike ranging over increased market share, learning from diverse cultures, diverse experience, and career development. Like any other profit making venture, international brands are equally concerned about increasing sales which is in tandem with increasing company market shares (Kawar, 2012). For a majority of the global brands, operating on a global scale indicates that the company has saturated the local market hence, there is need to expand to other markets, which is in turn accompanied by increased sales and market share. However, this is not to say that the companys main motive is to gain profits rather, it is a combination of fulfilling a niche in the market and increasing sales. This in turn implies that the company will gain a greater market share.On another note, global oper ations present senior personnel with the opportunity to visit numerous countries, and experience new customs and cultures. Seeing as each country hosts a diverse system of beliefs, business ethics, and arts among other cultural factors, managerial staff have an added advantage of acquiring knowledge on these fields, which in turn increases their value to the firm (Park, 2010). Alongside gaining insight on new cultures, staffs are exposed to foreign languages, which facilitate in-depth understanding of different cultures and are seemingly useful in and outside the work environment. Nonetheless, ones appreciation for diversity determines the interaction between the individual and people from different ethnic and racial backgrounds, which in turn impacts on the persons ability to gain understanding of the different cultures. Aside from advancing knowledge on culture, personnel operating in international companies are presented with the opportunities to learn from leading international brands. Whereas a companys brand cannot be a leader in every market it operates on, leading brands in other products and services in the same country can serve as case studies for ways in which the company can advance its brand in certain countries.Seemingly, international assignments offer a platform for career development and personal growth for company managers, executives, and personnel on all levels who are involved in the assignment. Whereas education in global management might equip one with necessary skill, international experience enables managers to advance their cultural literacy, expand professional network, facilitate mastery of foreign language, and expand ones business perspective (Smith, 2013). In regards to mastery of foreign languages, a majority of foreign employers require senior management to have mastery of two or more foreign languages in order to be considered for the advertised positions. In some instances, managers are required to attend work summits and tr ainings after which they are awarded with certificates of completion, which serve to boost their curriculum vitae. On another note, in the course of their travels, managers have a global access to a greater pool of skilled talent. Such meetings can be facilitated by work summits and conferences held in different countries where managers are able to meet talent and conduct a first-hand analysis of their skills. In other cases, the human resource is able to conduct virtual work teams throughout the company where employees based in multiple countries can interact and share ideas on ways to meet organizational objectives.Challenges for Managers GloballyEven though managers operating in international organizations are faced with numerous challenges ranging over diversity management, rules and regulation to compliance, adaptability, and culture change, the main challenge is centered on culture and cultural factors, and diversity. With increased globalization, present-day managers primary challenge is diversity management, particularly, workforce diversity that acknowledges that personnel differ in social status, gender, age, marital status, religion, sexual orientation, personality, disability, background, culture, and ethnicity. In this regard, managers are required to ensure that taskforce operate to their full potential by guaranteeing an equitable work environment where no individual has an advantage or disadvantage over others in the firm (Onday, 2016). The main challenge, however, in this aspect is the issue of competency where managers tend to attribute competency to certain cultural attributes rather than the actual skills of individual employees. Nonetheless, to tackle such, managers can adapt a multi-country approach where by programs and initiatives of the company in a certain nation are developed, implemented, and maintained by various personnel in the locales. In addition, management of diverse workforce is accompanied with poor communication, which the n leads to misinterpretation and poor office/working relationships.Whereas operating in a global market provides an opportunity to learn diverse cultures, interacting with different cultures can also pose as a challenge for the manager particularly in terms of organizational culture (Luthans Doh, 2015). Since organizational culture influences the shared norms and values among professionals, having personnel in multiple countries is challenging as personnel in each country might hold diverse work-related norms and values in spite of the fact that they work for one company. This is owing to the fact that culture and background greatly influence values of staffs. For instance, whereas Latin cultures promote work flexibility and relationships, the U.S culture advances adherence to time over flexibility and working relationships. Research shows that cultural factors such as masculinity index and individualism greatly affect organizational cultures in different organizations. According t o Luthans and Doh (2015), masculinity refers to the situation in which the society mainly values monetary and material possession whereas individualism refers to the trait of being concerned for ones need. That said countries with low masculinity index uphold values such as cooperation while countries with high masculinity index uphold values such as economic growth and increased sales.Another major challenge for businesses operating globally is adaptation to multiple and diverse cultures. To facilitate adaptation, managers need to have an understanding of perceptions, values, cultural diversity, and stereotypes. In particular, companies have resulted to conducting research on cultural attitudes and dimensions in countries where they have operations (Luthans Doh, 2015). In spite of this, however, managers are cautioned to avoid over generalization as individual differences equally affect their overall organizational culture.Ostensibly, as a majority of the firms expand their global operations in an attempt to increase profits, they are faced with several challenges such as new regulatory environments and local and international competition (Park, 2010). Foremost, companies assume that having a global brand guarantees them success whenever they choose to expand, however, foreign markets have shown that they equally embrace their local brands. Therefore, to increase success rate in local markets, international brands should enter into joint ventures with domestic brands. Likewise, local brands attempting to expand to international markets face similar challenges in regards to competition. For instance, the Australian airline, Qantas, is experiencing international competition in international air routes from existing airlines (Massola, Kenny Aston, 2014). In spite of its financial success, the company might be forced to lower prices in attempt to compete for clients with existing bra...

Critical Analysis Of Alice Walker s Everyday Use

Tulsi Rizal Prof. Mary Huffer Eng122 24 April 2016 Critical Analysis of Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† Alice Walker, most revered African American writer of the present time was born on 9th February 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia. She started her career as a social worker/activist, followed by teaching and and being a writer. She has won many awards for her fantastic social and literary works. Everyday use† was published in 1973, when African Americans were struggling to revive their original African culture, to stay connected with their culture. As a result of this cultural activism, many African Americans started adopting African clothing, and other daily practices. This paper tries to analyze Walker s short story critically and come up with explanations of the main ideas. Some of the key features or themes used in this story comprise; symbolism, conflict of ideology, irony, education myth, heritage and cultural blend. Walker highlights the story of a mother and her two daughters’ contradictory ideas about their identities and Heritage in â€Å"Everyday Use.† â€Å"The stories of Black Women problematize the notion of cultural authenticity through a series of conflicts between mother and her daughters over everyday items such as butter churn, a bench, and a collection of quilts† (Mullins 2013). The story is the portrayal of each character’s discrete stance on culture and heritage who seemingly have ideological differences and contradictory viewpoints. The story consists of conflict ofShow MoreRelatedAlice Malsenior6001 Words   |  25 PagesAlice Walker: Peeling an Essence As an African- American novelist, short–story writer, essayist, poet, critic, and editor, Alice Walker’s plethora of literary works examines many aspects of African American life as well as historical issues that are further developed by Walker’s unique point of view. Writers like Alice Walker make it possible to bring words and emotions to voices and events that are often silenced. Far from the traditional image of the artist, she has sought what amounts to aRead MoreBusiness and Management2600 Words   |  11 Pagesat the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Barnet, S., Cain, W.E., Burto, W. (2011). Literature for composition: Essays, stories, poems, and plays (9th ed.). New York, NY: Longman. All electronic materials are available on the student website. |Week One: Elements of Literature—Stories Read MoreThe Walt Disney Company Report15335 Words   |  62 Pageswith university honor code in completion of this assignment and I attest that this work is ours and ours alone.† Professor Suzanne Weiss Contents 1. Executive Summary 2. Company Background 3. Management 4. Situation Analysis 5. Ethics and Responsibility 6. Human Resource 7. Globalization 8. Operation and Production 9. Finance and Financial Management 10. Hypothetical Request for Venture Capitalist 11. Conclusion and Recommendation 12. CitationRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 PagesPrentice-Hall, Inc. A Pearson Education Company Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Compilation Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Custom Publishing All rights reserved. This copyright covers material written expressly for this volume by the editor/s as well as the compilation itself. It does not cover the individual selections herein that first appeared elsewhere. ii Permission to reprint these has been obtained by Pearson Custom Publishing for this edition only. Further reproduction by anyRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagespermission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreMarketing and E-commerce Business65852 Words   |  264 Pagesloss of use, data or profits, whether in an action of contract, ne gligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information available from the services.†¨ The documents and related graphics contained herein could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically added to the information herein. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) describedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture

Essay on Theoretical Matrix - 1470 Words

Theoretical Matrix Oliver J. Lewis HCS 587 April 29, 2013 Dr. Sonnia Oliva Theoretical Matrix This week’s studies were an examination of organizational and individual barriers to change. We learn to identify the role of strategic renewal, the behavioral aspect of organizational change, analyzed the dynamic of motivating employee behavioral change, differentiated the three faces of change, and finally explored the sources of employee resistance. A primary focus was Lewin’s Field Theory in Social Sciences and for this paper identified three theoretical organization change models. University of Phoenix Material Appendix A: Matrix of Theoretical Models Theoretical Model | Description of Theoretical Model | Type of health†¦show more content†¦Perspective 1) Systems Perspective – assumption - gaining outstanding performance is directly related to interactions among and between multiple organizational elements and its external environment. Perspective 2) Alignment Perceptive – assumption – congruence among people, processes, and structure is required to be effective. Perspective 3) Participation Perspective – assumption – employee participation increases commitment to derived solutions. 4) Social Capital – assumption – build trust increases cooperation and favorable outcomes.5) Teamwork – assumption – increases commitment, coordination, creativity, and support outstanding performance. 6) Multiple Stakeholder – assumption – organization leaders’ must balance stakeholder’s expectations.7) Problem-solving – assumption – task disagreement among collaborators yields above average solutions. 8) Open Communication – assumption – candid open communication increase learning and builds trust.9) Evolution/Revolution – assumption – organizations must develop competencies to engage in incremental and fundamental change.10) Process facilitation – outsider are effective change facilitators. 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Although, a determinant of the correlation matrix of the main variables does not have to be positive and in that case other transformation methods can be applied. NLP (natural language processing)is used for stemming, stop wordRead MoreNavigation and Pose Estimation Systems3127 Words   |  13 PagesTransformation Matrix in Cartesian coordinate system. From any point in difference Cartesian coordinate system, in our research we defined body-frame . That means the moving coordinate according to the human motion in our indoor environment. There are moving on the reference Cartesian space we defined navigation-frame this frame is fixed on the hold system. From figure 2 the is the reference point on the center of mass in motion with respect to the . Figure 2 The Rotation Matrix between andRead MoreThe Abstract Latent Factor ( Lf ) Models1591 Words   |  7 Pagesdetection [6, 7, 26]. 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Fs The fraction of solid L latent heat k0 Heat coefficient (W/mK) q Heat generation Ï  Density (kg/m3) C Read MoreAnalysis Of Porosity And Temperature By Qinwu Xu1662 Words   |  7 Pagesaccuracy and reasonable computational performance. However, modeling of ceramic matrix composites could be much more complex due to the unique feature of this type of material: 1) the fracture and brittle behavior of materials; and b) the nonuniform distribution of porosity in the ceramic matrix. CMCs are comprised of individual layers with unique material properties dependent on fiber orientation within the polymer matrix which is typically in a woven pattern. Therefore, CMCs often exhibit anisotropic

Data Collection free essay sample

Accurate and desirable method of recording the behavior of children. Using direct observation, the investigator observes and records the behaviors of the participants rather than relying on reports from parents or teachers. Observational techniques vary on several dimensions. Naturalness of the Setting. The setting for the observations can vary from natural environments (such as a school or home) through more controlled settings (such as a laboratory playroom) to highly artificial settings (such as a physiological laboratory). Qualitative researchers do observations almost exclusively in natural ettings. Quantitative researchers use the whole range of settings, but some prefer laboratory settings. Degree of Observer Participation. This dimension varies from situations in which the observer is a participant to situations in which the observer is entirely unobtrusive. Most observations, however, are done in situations in which the participants know that that observer is observing them and have agreed to it. Such observers attempt to be unobtrusive, perhaps by observing from behind a one-way mirror. We will write a custom essay sample on Data Collection or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Amount of Detail. This dimension goes from global summary nformation (such as overall ratings based on the whole session) to moment-by- moment records of the observed behaviors. ObArticle 12. Data Collection Techniques 2 viously, the latter provides more detail, but it requires considerable preparation and training of observers. Standardized Versus Investigator-Developed Instruments Standardized instruments cover topics of broad interest to a number of investigators. They usually are published, are reviewed in a Mental Measurements Yearbook (1938- 2000), and have a manual that includes norms for making comparisons with broader samples and information about reliability and validity. Investigator- developed measures are ones developed by a researcher for use in one or a few studies. Such instruments also should be carefully developed, and the report of the study should provide evidence of reliability and validity. However, there usually is no separate manual for others to buy or use. The next several sections utilize this distinction. Some tests, personality measures, and attitude measures are developed by investigators for use in a specific study, but there are many standardized measures available. There are standardized questionnaires and interviews, for example, those for diagnostic lassification, but most are developed by an investigator for use in a particular study. Standardized Tests Although the term test is often used quite broadly to include personality and attitude measures, we define the term more narrowly to mean a set of problems with right or wrong answers. The score is based on the number of correct answers. In standardized tests, the scores are usually translated into some kind of normed score that can be used to compare the participants with others and are referred to as norm referenced tests. For example, IQ tests were normed so that 100 was the mean and 15 as the standard deviation. Achievement Tests. These are designed to measure knowledge gained from educational programs. There should be reliability and validity evidence for the type of participants to be studied. Thus, if one studies a particular ethnic group, or children with developmental delays, and there exists an appropriate TABLE 1 Data Collection Techniques Used by Research Approaches Research Approach Quantitative Research Data Collection Techniques Experimental Quasi-Experimental Comparative, Associational, Descriptive Approaches Qualitative Research Research report measures

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